Examples of resistance to imported repertoires are numerous in Chinese history. They may therefore meet with greater resistance. After a culture repertoire is established and relatively stable, the introduction of new repertoires may cause instability and therefore meet with resistance (Even-Zohar 2002: 49), and repertoires imported from other entities may be regarded as doubly subversive because they may hurt national pride, thus posing a direct threat to the collective identity. Even-Zohar 2000: 395), which can be said to be the pre-condition for cohesion. (Even-Zohar 2000: 392-396 2004: 94 1997: 355) The culture repertoire needs to become a source of pride for members of the entity, so as to build a collective identity (cf. For this purpose a culture repertoire must be invented and/or imported to organize life both on the collective and on the individual levels. For such entities to be maintained, it is necessary to create cohesion. According to Even-Zohar, large social entities, such as peoples or nations, are not natural objects, but have to be formed by the acts of individuals. It will try to elaborate on the two hypotheses in light of his culture research and my observations on Chinese culture, and to answer some of his critics. So, this paper is an initial attempt to make Even-Zohar's latest questions go back to his first one. I asked him when he would look back and answer the first question, and he replied that he would leave that to other scholars. 'One question leads to another and then to another,' he said. In a seminar held at the Centre for Translation, Hong Kong Baptist University in August 2005, Even-Zohar explained why his research interest had shifted from translation to culture.

While the terms used to describe those special cases have been queried in recent years, the rest of the two hypotheses seem to have been largely taken for granted by many. He has not explained in detail the basis of these hypotheses, and has turned to culture research after 1990. In his seminal paper 'The Position of Translated Literature within the Literary Polysystem' (Even-Zohar 1990a) Itamar Even-Zohar has made two interrelated hypotheses: first, that the position assumed by translated literature in the literary polysystem tends to be a peripheral one except in three special cases, and second, that translation tends towards acceptability when it is at the periphery, and towards adequacy when it is at the centre.

Boris vian les fourmis pdf editor